Chapter category: Cell Cycle
G1 Phase Control and Cell Differentiation
G1 Phase Progression
Edited by: Johannes BoonstraISBN: 0-306-47831-5
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Chapter authors:
María J. Muñoz-Alonso and Javier León
Cell differentiation is usually accompanied by irreversible cell cycle exit. The G1 regula tory molecules have been shown to be exquisitely regulated during the differentiation process and in many models they have been shown to play a pivotal role in differentiation. The cell cycle exit concomitant with the onset of differentiation occurs in G1 phase and it is mediated and maintained by (i) up-regulation of CDK inhibitor proteins, (ii) activation of the RB protein family (pRB, p107 and p130) and (iii) subsequent inactivation of E2F proteins. Among these G1 regulatory molecules, p21WAF1-, p27KIP1, p130 and E2F4 have been most predominantly involved as differentiation inducers. Studies in cell culture models as well as in vivo models through transgenic and knockout mice demonstrate that p21WAF1 and p27KIP1 play important but distinct roles in differentiation and that the cell cycle arrest and differentiation inducing functions can be genetically separated. Also, p130, rather than pRB, functions more frequently as the pocket protein regulating cell cycle exit during differentiation. Despite these broad generalizations, there is a large variation in the roles of these regulators depending on the model under study. Therefore, we have reviewed separately the regulation and functions of G1 phase regulatory proteins in the main differentiation models.
Additional chapters from this book:
G1 Phase Progression and Apoptosis
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Proliferation and programmed cell death (apoptosis) exert a concerted action in modelling the organism during normal development and in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Both cell cycle progression an...
Progression from G0 through G1 and into S on Two Waves of Growth Factor-Driven Signaling
Steven M. Jones and Andrius Kazlauskas
A widely used model system to investigate cell proliferation is stimulation of serum-arrested cells with growth factors. Recent data suggest that there are two waves of growth factor-dependent signa...
Impact of Nutrients on the Cell Cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
C. Theo Verrips
The length of G1 phase of S. cerevisiae is mainly determined by the flux of nutrients. However this relation is not linear, as below a growth limiting C-flux of about 20 fmol.cell-1.h-1, this C-flux...
The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in G1 Phase Progression
Cristina Martinez Muñoz and Jan Andries Post
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced during pathological conditions by phago- cytes. The function of these produced ROS is to kill microbes and neoplastic cells. At first sight it seems unl...
Role of Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases in G1 Phase Progression
R. Curtis Bird
Cyclin and the cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) are the principle regulators of cell cycle progression through activation of cell cycle checkpoints. These are the core of the complex that compose...
Role of RB/E2F in G1 Phase Progression
Amy S. Yee and Jean Y. J. Wang
The progression from G1 to S phase requires the de novo expression of genes that en code proteins and enzymes involved in DNA replication. Regulation of these S-phase genes is, therefore, an impo...
Regulation of Signaling and the Cell Cycle by Cell Interactions with the Extracellular Matrix
R.L. Juliano
Adhesive interactions with the extracellular matrix, mediated primarily by integrins and transmembrane proteoglycans, play a key role in regulating the G1 phase of the cell cycle. A primary aspe...
G1 Phase Control and Cell Differentiation
María J. Muñoz-Alonso and Javier León
Cell differentiation is usually accompanied by irreversible cell cycle exit. The G1 regula tory molecules have been shown to be exquisitely regulated during the differentiation process and in man...
Cell Cycle Regulation During G1 Phase in Yeast: Decisions, Decisions, Decisions
Curt Wittenberg and Karin Flick
Coordination of cell cycle events is essential for the faithful duplication of cellular com- ponents during proliferation as well as for the adaptability of cells and organisms to varying interna...
Roles of Cyclin Kinase Inhibitors in G1 Phase Progression
Angela L. Tyner and Andrei L. Gartel
Cell cycle progression is tightly controlled by cyclin/Cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) complexes. Two families of cyclin kinase inhibitors have been identified based on their structures and affini...
Restriction Points in the G1 Phase of the Mammalian Cell Cycle
Johannes Boonstra
Progression through the cell cycle of mammalian cells is dependent upon external factors such as growth- and extracellular matrix factors. On the other hand, cell cycle progres sion can be inhibi...
Progression from G0 through G1 and into S on Two Waves of Growth Factor-Driven Signaling
Steven M. Jones and Andrius Kazlauskas
A widely used model system to investigate cell proliferation is stimulation of serum-arrested cells with growth factors. Recent data suggest that there are two waves of growth factor-dependent...
Regulation of G1 Phase of Yeast Cells by Stress
Enrique Herrero, María Angeles de la Torre, Jordi Torres and Gemma Bellí
Different environmental stresses, among them heat, hyperosmotic and oxidative ones, cause yeast cells to arrest at G1. The duration of the arrest is proportional to the intensity of the stress...
