Bioscience Chapter Database :: 3621 Chapters Now Online

Chapter category: Neurodegenerative Disease

Attempts to Restore Visual Function After Optic Nerve Damage in Adult Mammals

This chapter appears in the following book:

Brain Repair

Edited by: Mathias Bähr
ISBN: 0-306-47859-5
» Get more information about this book at landesbioscience.com «

Chapter authors:
Tomomitsu Miyoshi, Takuji Kurimoto and Yutaka Fukuda


[+] view image
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons, i.e., optic nerve (ON) fibers, provide a good experimental model for research on damaged CNS neurons and their functional recovery. After the ON transection most RGCs undergo retrograde and anterograde degeneration but they can be rescued and regenerated by transplantation of a piece of peripheral nerve (PN). When the nerve graft was bridged to the visual center, regenerating RGC axons can restore the central visual projection. Behavioral recovery of relatively simple visual function has been proved in such PN-grafted rodents. Intravitreal injections of various neurotrophic factors and cytokines to activate intracellular signaling mechanism of RGCs and electrical stimulation to the cut end of ON have promoting effects on their survival and axonal regeneration. Axotomized RGCs in adult cats are also shown to survive and regenerate their axons through the PN graft. Among the cat RGC types, Y cells, which function as visual motion detector, tend to survive and regenerate axons better than others. X cells, which are essential for acute vision, suffer from rapid death after ON transection but they can be rescued by intravitreal application of neurotrophins accompanied with elevation of cAMP. To restore visual function in adult mammals with damaged optic pathway, the comprehensive and integrative strategies of multiple approaches will be needed, taking care of functional diversity of RGC types.

» Access chapter for $19



Additional chapters from this book:

Transplantation in Parkinson’s Disease: The Future Looks Bright

Gesine Paul, Young Hwan Ahn, Jia-Yi Li and Patrik Brundin

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and affects almost 1% of the population above the age of 50. Early in the course of the disease, patients primarily disp...

The Collagenous Wound Healing Scar in the Injured Central Nervous System Inhibits Axonal Regeneration

Susanne Hermanns, Nicole Klapka, Marcia Gasis and Hans Werner Muller

Following traumatic injuries of the central nervous system (CNS) a wound healing scar, resembling the molecular structure of a basement membrane and mainly composed of Collagen type IV and associate...

Neuroprotection by cAMP: Another Brick in the Wall

Mariana S. Silveira and Rafael Linden

Programmed cell death occurs in the nervous system both in normal development as well as in pathologic conditions, and is a key issue related to both brain repair and neurodegenerative diseases. Mod...

The Role of Ionotropic Purinergic Receptors (P2X) in Mediating Plasticity Responses in the Central Nervous System

F. Florenzano, M.T. Viscomi, F. Cavaliere, C. Volonti, M. Molinari

The past few years have witnessed increasing interest in the field of purinergic signalling and have recognised ATP as an extracellular messenger eliciting a wide array of physi ological effects in ...

The Glial Response to Injury and Its Role in the Inhibition of CNS Repair

James W. Fawcett

The failure of axon regeneration after CNS injury is due to an inadequate or inappropri ate regenerative response from damaged CNS axons, and to a CNS environment that inhibits regeneration. This in...

DSD-1-Proteoglycan/Phosphacan and Receptor Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-Beta Isoforms During Development and Regeneration of Neural Tissues

Andreas Faissner, Nicolas Heck, Alexandre Dobbertin and Jeremy Garwood

Interactions between neurons and glial cells play important roles in regulating key events of development and regeneration of the CNS. Thus, migrating neurons are partly guided by radial glia to the...

A Kinase with a Vision: Role of ERK in the Synaptic Plasticity of the Visual Cortex

Gian Michele Ratto and Tommaso Pizzorusso

We look at these written words with two eyes, their neuronal representations are elabo rated separately in the two retinae and they are conveyed to two separate zones of the thalamus. The segrega...

Lesion-Induced Axonal Sprouting in the Central Nervous System

Thomas Deller, Carola A. Haas, Thomas M. Freiman, Amie Phinney, Mathias Jucker and Michael Frotscher

Injury or neuronal death often come about as a result of brain disorders. Inasmuch as the damaged nerve cells are interconnected via projections to other regions of the brain, such lesions lead ...

Cell Death in the Nervous System

Kerstin Krieglstein

Programmed cell death is a fundamental and essential process in development and tissue homeostasis of multicellular organisms. About half of all neurons produced during neurogenesis die before t...

Role of Endogenous Neural Stem Cells in Neurological Disease and Brain Repair

Jörg Dietrich and Gerd Kempermann

There is abundant evidence that neural stem cells persist in the adult mammalian brain – including humans – throughout lifetime and support ongoing neurogenesis in re- stricted regions of the cen...

Attempts to Restore Visual Function After Optic Nerve Damage in Adult Mammals

Tomomitsu Miyoshi, Takuji Kurimoto and Yutaka Fukuda

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons, i.e., optic nerve (ON) fibers, provide a good experimental model for research on damaged CNS neurons and their functional recovery. After the ON tr...


SIGN IN

Email:


Password:


lost password?




[ Home | Authors | Editors | Custom Books | Chapter Reprints | Subscribe | Contact | Biotoons ]