Chapter category: Gene Expression
CtBP Corepressor Complex - A Multi-Enzyme Machinery that Coordinates Chromatin Modifications
CtBP Family Proteins
Edited by: G. ChinnaduraiISBN: 0-387-39971-2
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Chapter authors:
Recent biochemical and proteomic approach has identified a CtBP super complex consisting of a host of chromatin modifying enzymes. Analysis of this complex has led to the appreciation that enzymes that mediate deacetylation and histone H3 lysine 9 methylation are present in the same biochemical complex, which facilitates coordinated histone modifications important for establishing repressive chromatin. Importantly, studies of this complex also resulted in the finding of the first histone demethylase LSDI, which represses transcription by demethylating histone K4, where methylation is linked to active transcription. It is anticipated that additional important new insights will be gained from further investigation of this unusual transcriptional repression machine.CtBP is a transcriptional corepressor and is one of the three main transcriptional cofactors that are directly targeted by the viral oncoprotein E1A during oncogenic transformation. To explore mechanisms by which CtBP mediates transcriptional repression, a biochemical approach was taken to isolate proteins that are associated with CtBP. This effort has led to the identification of a CtBP super-complex, consisting of, among others, six potential enzymatic activities. While the exact composition of this super-complex may differ in different cell types, characterization of these enzymatic functions in HeLa cells has already provided significant insight into mechanism of action of CtBP and eukaryotic gene regulation. Below we provide a brief discussion of the enzymatic components of the CtBP complex and our current understanding of their individual as well as coordinated enzymatic actions in transcriptional repression. While other aspects of CtBP are covered in other chapters, this chapter is largely confined to the CtBP super complex.
Additional chapters from this book:
A New Member of the CtBP/BARS Family from Plants: Angustifolia
Hirozaku Tsukaya
The ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN) gene in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. is the first \r\nhomolog of the CtBP/BARS gene family identified in plants and is responsible for the polarity-dependent control of leaf ...
CtBP Family Proteins: Unique Transcriptional Regulators in the Nucleus with Diverse Cytosolic Functions
G. Chinnadurai
CtBP family proteins are unique in animals and in plants. The invertebrates and plants contain a single CtBP family gene while vertebrates have two genes. Genetic studies in Drosophila and in mice ind...
CtBP Corepressor Complex - A Multi-Enzyme Machinery that Coordinates Chromatin Modifications
Recent biochemical and proteomic approach has identified a CtBP super complex consisting of a host of chromatin modifying enzymes. Analysis of this complex has led to the appreciation that enzymes tha...
The Significance of the CtBP: AdE1A Interaction during Viral Infection and Transformation
Roger J.A. Grand, Claire Baker, Paola M. Barral, Rachel K. Bruton, Julian Parkhill, Tadge Szestak and Philip H. Gallimore
C-terminal binding protein (CtBP) associates with adenovirus early region 1A (AdE1A) proteins through a highly conserved PXDLS motif located very close to its C-terminus in conserved region 4. To try ...
CtBP Proteins in Vertebrate Development
Jeffrey D. Hildebrand
The fundamental question facing developmental biology is how the diversity of cell and tissue types that comprise a vertebrate organism can be generated from a single fertilized egg. A critical aspect...
CtBPs as Synaptic Proteins
Susanne tom Dieck, Frank Schmitz and Johann Helmut Brandstätter
A surprising new aspect of CtBP family proteins arose from the identification of a novel CtBP protein named RIBEYE.1 RIBEYE, which consists of a unique amino-terminal A-domain and a carboxy-terminal B...
CtBP3/BARS and Membrane Fission
Stefania Spanò, Cristina Hidalgo Carcedo and Daniela Corda
CtBP3/BARS was the third protein of the CtBP (C-terminal binding protein) family to be identified. It was initially isolated as a 50-kDa cytosolic protein during the characterisation of the molecular ...
CtBP: A Link between Apoptosis and the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
Steven M. Frisch
Adenovirus E1a proteins are potent and ubiquitously acting tumor suppressors in human tumor cells. Through interaction with CtBP (as well as other mechanisms), E1a protein sensitizes cells to several ...
CtBP and Hematopoietic Transcriptional Regulators
Alexis Verger, Jose Perdomo and Merlin Crossley
The C-terminal binding proteins (CtBPs) are ubiquitous corepressors that recruit histone-modifying enzymes to a variety of sequence specific DNA-binding proteins and other transcriptional regulators. ...
CtBP as a Redox Sensor in Transcriptional Repression
Qinghong Zhang, Clark C. Fjeld, Amanda C. Nottke and Richard H. Goodman
The corepressor CtBP (carboxyl-terminal binding protein) is involved in transcriptional pathways important for development, cell cycle regulation, and transformation. We demonstrate that CtBP binding ...
Transcriptional Repression by the CtBP Corepressor in Drosophila
Hitoshi Aihara, Lorena Perrone and Yutaka Nibu
Transcriptional repression is essential for patterning gene expression in the early Drosophila embryo. Biochemical and genetic studies on Drosophila C-terminal binding protein (dCtBP) have provided so...
Structural Determinants of CtBP Function
James R. Lundblad
The structural characteristics of the CtBP family of transcriptional corepressors suggest an additional role for coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in the repression of gene expression. Remark...
