Cell Metabolism
Chapters
« previous | page 2 of 14 pages | next »Annexin V: Stimulation-Dependent Association with Membrane Proteins
Eleni Tzima and John H. Walker
Annexin V relocates to specific cellular membranes on elevation of cytosolic calcium levels. There is good evidence for annexin V binding to proteins involved in signal transduction including protein kinase C and cytosolic phospholipase A2, and to the cytoskeletal protein acti...
Annexin XI: A Calcyclin–Associated Nuclear Protein
Hiroyoshi Hidaka and Naoto Mamiya
Annexin XI, a novel annexin, was found as a protein with an apparent molecular weight of 50 kDa that bound to calcyclin in a calcium dependent manner. Therefore it was first termed CAP–50 (calcyclin–associated of 50 kDa). Annexin XI was originally identified and purified from r...
Annexin/Protein Interactions: Clues for Function
Adrian Sheldon and James M. Chen
The physiological roles of many proteins are often dictated by interac–tion with other proteins, enzymes or other ligands. The identification of such interactions can thus help to elucidate the role of a given protein. The annexin family of calcium/phospholipid–binding proteins...
Annexinopathy in the Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Jacob H. Rand and Xiao-Xuan Wu
The antiphospholipid (aPL) antibody syndrome is perhaps among the first annexinopathies identified. This Chapter will describe the syndrome and review the role of annexin V in its pathophysiology.
Annexins and Membrane Traffic
Volker Gerke
Intracellular membrane traffic and the direction of flow of macromol–ecules within eukaryotic cells has attracted cell biologists for a long time. The extensive research in this area has led to a number of important discoveries and has advanced our knowledge considerably, in particu...
Annexins and Phospholipases
A.G. Buckland and D.C.Wilton
The association of annexins with phospholipase A2 activity has a long history linked to the discovery of annexins I and II. As the field developed and the discovery of different groups of phospholipases A2 it became apparent that the inhibitory effect of annexins on...
Annexins and Tissue Mineralization—Matrix Vesicles, Ion Channel Activity of Annexins and Annexin V/Collagen Interactions
Thorsten Kirsch
Physiological biomineralization is restricted to skeletal tissues and teeth. This highly complex process plays important functions during development of these tissues and it also allows these tissues to fulfill their proper functions during adulthood. The mineralization process is highly...
Application of in Vitro Virus (IVV) Technique for High-Throughput Analysis of Protein-Protein Interactions
Etsuko Miyamoto-Sato and Hiroshi Yanagawa
Global analysis of protein functions and networks has become the focus of considerable attention since the sequencing of the human genome. The development of proteomics has led to an increasing interest in cell-free translation systems because of their rapidity and ease of handling. We have develope...
Bacterial Cell-Free Expression Systems for High-Throughput Protein Production
T.V.S. Murthy, Leonardo Brizuela and Joshua LaBaer
The combination of rapid protein expression systems with high-throughput protein isolation methodologies leads to increased throughput in protein production, improves efficiency and promotes multiplexed high-throughput experimentation. Such pipelines gain wide importance in proteomic applications, w...
Bacterial Lipocalins: Origin, Structure, and Function
Russell E. Bishop,* Christian Cambillau, Gilbert G. Privé, Derek Hsi, Desiree Tillo and Elisabeth R. M. Tillier
The bacterial lipocalins were discovered in 1995 and first reviewed in the year 2000. In the subsequent 5 years, two important developments have been made. First, an explosion of molecular sequence information from microbial genome projects has uncovered more than 90 bacterial lipocalin sequences....
Beyond the Lipid Hypothesis: Mechanisms Underlying Phenotypic Plasticity in Inducible Cold Tolerance
Scott A.L. Hayward, Patricia A. Murray, Andrew Y. Gracey and Andrew Cossins
The physiological adjustment of organisms in response to temperature variation is a crucial part of coping with environmental stress. An important component of the cold response is the increase in membrane lipid unsaturation, and this has been linked to an enhanced resistance to the debilitating ...
Biochemical and Molecular Properties of Calreticulin
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Steven J. Johnson and Kjell O. Håkansson
Calreticulin is a highly abundant Ca2+-storage protein found in all cells of higher organisms, with the exception of erythrocytes. It is predominantly located in the endoplasmic reticulum where, in tandem with the homologue calnexin, it performs an important role in glycoprotein folding, such ...
Biochemical Diagnosis of OXPHOS Disorders
Frans J.M. Trijbels, Antoon J.M Jansen, Lambert P. van den Heuvel, Rob C.A. Sengers and Jan A.M. Smeitink
In this chapter the biochemical diagnosis of OXPHOS disorders is presented. The laboratory investigations in suspected patients are started with the examination of body fluids. The most important metabolite to be measured is lactate, that is frequently found to be elevated in blood, urine and cer...
Biosynthesis of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid
Dieter Jahn and Dirk W. Heinz
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is the general precursor of all known tetrapyrroles. Currently, two different biosynthetic routes for ALA formation are known. Humans, animals, fungi and the a-group of the proteobacteria employ the one-step-condensation of succinyl-coenzyme A and glycine catalyzed ...
Biosynthesis of Chlorophyll and Bacteriochlorophyll
Derren J. Heyes and C. Neil Hunter
The (bacterio)chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway is of profound importance to the biosphere. During the past 20 years, there have been major advances in the under standing of the genes involved in the pathway and, more recently, in the enzymes that they encode. Chlorophyll biosynthesis can be c...
Biosynthesis of Siroheme and Coenzyme F430
Martin J. Warren, Evelyne Deery and Sarah R. Rose
The biosynthesis of siroheme from uropoprhyirnogen III in bacteria, yeasts and plants is described. The pathway requires the bis-methylation of uroporphyrinogen III to gener- ate precorrin-2, which is then oxidised to sirohydrochlorin prior to its ferrochelation. A number of structures of the v...
Brown Adipocyte Differentiation and Function in Energy Metabolism
Susanne Klaus
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a specialized thermogenic adipose tissue with greatimportance for thermoregulation and cold defense of small mammals. As outlined in the previous chapter, the thermogenic function of BAT is intrinsically associated with the uncoupling of the mitochondrial...
Brown Adipose Tissue: Thermogenic Function and Its Physiological
Susanne Klaus
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a specialized form of adipose tissue whose function is opposite to classical white fat function. As a thermogenic tissue it is a site of energy dissipation in contrast to the energy storing white fat. Whereas white, i.e., storage fat is ...
C-Terminal Labeling of Proteins Using Fluorescently Conjugated Puromycin Derivatives
Ichiro Tabuchi
A novel C-terminal labeling technology has been developed using fluorescently conjugated puromycin derivatives in cell free extracts. It is an easy to handle, rapid and low cost method for protein research. The labeling process requires only the addition of a labeling reagent to the translation mixt...
Ca2+–Independent Functions of Annexins
A. Louise Upton, Helena C. Edwards and Stephen E. Moss
The annexins and the E–F hand proteins are the two largest families of calcium–binding proteins. The two groups are distinguished not only by their numerical size, but also by the extent and diversity of functions with which individual family members have been attributed. Howev...
Calcium Oscillations
R. Thul, T.C. Bellamy, H.L. Roderick, M.D. Bootman and S. Coombes
Changes in cellular Ca2+ concentration control a wide range of physiological processes, from the subsecond release of synaptic neurotransmitters, to the regulation of gene expression over months or years. Ca2+ can also trigger cell death through both apoptosis and necrosis, and so the regulation of ...
Calnexin and Calreticulin, ER Associated Modulators of Calcium Transport in the ER
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Patricia Camacho, Linu John, Yun Li, R. Madelaine Paredes
Calreticulin (CRT) and calnexin (CNX) are members of a family of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones that fold newly synthesized polypeptides. Aside from their role as foldases in the ER, our laboratory has shown that all members of this family of proteins modulate Ca2+ oscillations. In Xeno...
Calnexin and Calreticulin, Molecular Chaperones of the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Michael R. Leach and David B. Williams
In this chapter we present the evidence that calnexin (CNX) and calreticulin (CRT) function as molecular chaperones to assist in the folding and subunit assembly of the majority of Asn-linked glycoproteins that pass through the endoplasmic reticulum. Mechanistic insights into how this function is a...
Calnexin, an ER Integral Membrane Chaperone in Health and Disease
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John J.M. Bergeron and David Y. Thomas
This review discusses the ER protein calnexin that is related in structure and function to calreticulin. In vivo and in vitro experiments from many laboratories have provided evidence that calnexin and calreticulin interact transiently with glycoproteins while they are folding in the ER a that this ...
Calreticulin and the Endoplasmic Reticulum in Plant Cell Biology
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Paola Mariani, Lorella Navazio and Anna Zuppini
Calreticulin is ubiquitously expressed in plants. The plant homologue shares with its animal counterpart a similar structural organization and basic functioning. A wide range of developmental and environmental stimuli differentially affect the expression of calreticulin in plant cells, highlight...
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