Cytokines/Growth Factors
Chapters
page 1 of 3 pages | next »A Chapter on “IL-10 Effects on Innate Immunity”
Shin-ichiro Fujii and Michael T. Lotze
IL-10 is a dichotomous functional cytokine. It has characteristics of being both an immu nosuppressive and immunostimulatory cytokine. In the setting of many infectious diseases including some viral infections, IL-10 administration prevents infected mice from progressing. IL-10 activates the cyto...
Antisense and Triple Helix Strategies in Basic and Clinical Research: Challenge for Gene Therapy of Tumors Expressing IGF-I
L.C. UpeguiGonzalez, J.C. Francois, L.A. Trojan, A. Ly, R. Przewlocki, C. Malvy and J. Trojan
In prokaryotes and eukaryotes, genetic information is supported by doublestranded DNA, in which only one strand is usually transcribed in messenger RNA. Nevertheless, transcription could occur from both strands or from complementary strands, leading sometimes to the synthesis of compleme...
Diabetes
Tero Saukkonen and David B. Dunger
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) has effects on insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism, increasing peripheral glucose disposal and decreasing hepatic glucose output, thus enhancing insulin sensitivity, however, the mechanisms are poorly understood. It is thought that IGF-I may act directly ...
Ellen V. Rothenberg, Susan B. Ward, Mary A. Yui, Gabriela Hernandez-Hoyos, Fei Chen, Sudipta Bardhan, Robert Chen, Raymond Hotz and Julia A. Yang-Snyder
Developmental Specificity of Interleukin2 Expression
The interleukin-2 gene is expressed only by a few types of blood cells and only in acute response to activation. Most of the cells expressing IL2 are T cells, and the most common mode of T-cell stimulation that induces IL2 expression is antigen recognition by the T c...
Epidemiologic Approaches to Evaluating Insulin-Like Growth Factor and Cancer Risk
Eva S. Schernhammer and Susan E. Hankinson
Epidemiologic studies that simply observe the natural cause of events often are referred to as observational studies. In contrast, studies in which the investigator intervenes to change some participants' behavior, assigning the exposure status of each participant, are referred to as int...
Experimental Models for the Analysis of IL-10 Function
Carl G. Feng, Julio Aliberti, Karl F. Hoffmann, Dragana Jankovic, Marika C. Kullberg, Alan Sher and Thomas A. Wynn
This review focuses on the regulatory functions of IL-10 in the response to parasitic and bacterial infection revealed through knockout, cytokine/receptor blocking, and transgenic mouse studies. The various mechanisms that control the production and activity of IL-10 are also discussed. Studie...
Functional Relationships between Transforming Growth Factor-Beta and the Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins
Susan Fanayan and Robert C. Baxter
Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) modulate cell functions through IGF-dependent and independent mechanisms. The IGFBPs are subject to complex regulation, both inhibitory and stimulatory, by transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b) in various cell types, which may result in eithe...
IGF Action and Skeletal Muscle
David T. Kuninger and Peter S. Rotwein
The insulin-like growth factors, IGF-I and IGF-II, comprise a pair of structurally related, secreted proteins which control diverse cellular functions by regulating multiple signal transduction pathways. Gene targeting experiments have revealed essential roles for IGF action in normal mu...
IGF-I Receptor Signaling in Health and Disease
Renato Baserga, Marco Prisco and Tina Yuan
The type 1 insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) receptor is a tyrosine kinase receptor, conserved through evolution in metazoans, from C. elegans to mammals. It displays several functions, some of which are seemingly contradictory. This Chapter examines only selected functions of the IG...
IGF-I, Insulin and Cancer Risk: Linking the Biology and the Epidemiology
Michael Pollak
Insulin and insulin-like growth factor signaling systems arose early in evolution and play key roles in regulating cellular proliferation and survival, energy utilization at both the cellular and whole organism levels, and body size and longevity. In higher organisms, more specific regulatory ...
IGF-Independent Effects of the IGFBP Superfamily
Gillian E. Walker, Ho-Seong Kim, Yong-Feng Yang and Youngman Oh
The proposed “insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) superfamily” is said to consist of the high affinity binding proteins, IGFBP-1 to -6 and low affinity binding proteins (IGFBP-related proteins). A key mechanism for regulating IGF bioactivities is the high-affinity IGFBPs, which ...
IGF1 and Brain Development
Carolyn A. Bondy, Wei-Hua Lee and Clara M. Cheng
During the course of brain development, insulin-like growth factor (IGF1) and the IGF1 receptor are most highly expressed by maturing projection neurons during a time of rapid process growth and synaptogenesis. During this time, IGF1-expressing neurons grow the most extensive dendritic arbors ...
IGFBP-5, A Multifunctional Protein, Is an Important Bone Formation Regulator
Subburaman Mohan, Yousef Amaar and David J Baylink
Bone formation is essential to all aspects of bone physiology, including growth, remodeling, and repair. In terms of potential messenger molecules that regulate bone formation, recent studies have provided strong evidence for a physiological role for IGFBP-5 in the regulation of bone ...
IGFBPs—Gene and Protein Structure
Leon A. Bach and Nigel J. Parker
IGF actions are regulated by a family of six high affinity binding proteins (IGFBPs), some of which also have IGF-independent actions. The IGFBPs have highly conserved N- and C-domains, each of which contain internal disulfide links. The middle, 'linker' L-domains of the IGFBP...
IGFs and Epithelial Cancer
Walter Zumkeller
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), IGF receptors and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) are expressed in epithelial cancer. The IGF system is involved in the regulation of the proliferation of both normal and malignant epithelial cells. Proliferative effects of IGFs are mediated predominantl...
IGFs and Sarcomas
Fariba Navid and Lee. J. Helman
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and their receptors exert their effects on a variety of sarcomas through autocrine, paracrine and endocrine mechanisms. In addition to regulating the proliferation of normal as well as malignant cells of mesenchymal origin, IGFs and their receptors play a centr...
IGFs and the Nervous System
Gina M. Gehrke, Gary Meyer and Eva L. Feldman
The insulin-like growth factors-I and -II (IGF-I and IGF-II) are neurotrophic factors with sequence homology to pro-insulin. Through the type I IGF receptor (IGF-IR), the IGFs mediate proliferation, survival and differentiation of neuronal and non-neuronal cells.1,2 IGFs are of particular inte...
IL-10 and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Simone Mocellin
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multi-organ autoimmune disease characterized by B cell hyperactivity leading to excessive auto-antibody production.1,2 SLE patients have high levels of circulating auto-antibodies against a number of nuclear antigens including double stranded DNA (dsDNA) an...
IL-10 Gene Polymorphisms in Transplantation
Andrey Morgun, Natalia Shulzhenko and Maria Gerbase-DeLima
Transplantation is currently the treatment of choice for end-stage insufficiency of various organs and severe hematologic disorders. Cytokine gene polymorphisms have been extensively explored in transplantation because they are thought to possibly explain the heterogeneity of courses and outcomes...
IL-10, Genetic Polymorphism and Its Relevance to Age-related Diseases
Domenico Lio and Calogero Caruso
The process of life for the individual is the struggle to preserve its integrity. However, the preservation of the integrity of the organism comes with a price, systemic inflammation. Accordingly, ageing is associated with chronic, low-grade inflammatory activity and the major age-related disease...
IL-10: Role in Infectious Diseases
M. Kryworuchko, W. David Creery and Ashok Kumar
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by monocytes/macrophages, B cells, and various subsets of T cells including T helper type 2 (Th2), Th0 cells, and regula tory T (Tr) cells and to a lesser extent by Th1 cells. IL-10 exerts diverse effects on a number of hemopoeitic cell ty...
IL-10: The Role in Crohn’s Disease
James Lindsay
The gastrointestinal tract serves as a barrier between the host and the vast array of foreign antigen that is contained within its lumen. The mucosal immune system must balance two opposing functions; to mount an immune response to pathogens, whilst maintaining tolerance to antigens derived from ...
Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins (IGFBPs) and Apoptosis
Claire M. Perks and J. M. P. Holly
A cell and by extracellular cues from soluble survival factors and from cell contacts with its extracellular environment. For many cell types the most prevalent and potent survival factor is IGF-I. The family of six high affinity IGFBPs modulate the availability and hence the anti-apoptotic action...
Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins (IGFBPs) and Apoptosis
C.M. Perks and J.M.P. Holly
Apoptosis is a physiologically regulated mode of cell death, which plays a critical role during development and maturation. Apoptosis is tightly controlled both within the cell and by extracellular cues from soluble survival factors and from cell contacts with its extracellular environme...
Insulin-Like Growth Factor II (IGF-II) and Non-Islet Cell Tumor Hypoglycemia (NICTH)
Naomi Hizuka, Izumi Fukuda, Yukiko Ishikawa and Kazue Takano
Extrapancreatic tumors associated with hypoglycemia (non-islet-cell tumor hypoglycemia, NICTH) is one of major causes of fasting hypoglycemia. In some patients with NICTH, insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) produced by and secreted from the tumor is thought to be a hypoglycemic agent. Howe...
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