Cytokines/Growth Factors
Chapters
« previous | page 2 of 3 pages | next »Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and the Kidney
Franz Schaefer and Ralph Rabkin
This review describes the multiple ways in which the kidney and the IGF-I system interact in both health and disease. IGF-I is an important physiological regulator of glomerular hemodynamics, renal growth and certain tubular functions. In several disease states the IGF-I system is an important...
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Stimulation of Growth: Autocrine, Paracrine and/or Endocrine Mechanisms of Action?
A. Joseph D'Ercole
The relationship between the sites of insulin-like Growth factor-I (IGF-I) expression and the sites of its growth promoting actions have been debated for years. There is compelling evidence for each potential mode of IGF-I action. Arguments for IGF-I endocrine actions include the findings that...
Insulin-Like Growth Factors and Hematological Malignancies
Anne J. Novak and Diane F. Jelinek
Immune cell development and homeostasis is a highly coordinated process influenced by a network of cells and soluble factors. The endocrine system, in particular the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), has been shown to play a key role in development and maintenance of normal immune func...
Insulin-Like Growth Factors in Critical Illness
Greet Van den Berghe
Low circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and alterations in IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP-s) mark the catabolic state of critical illness. The origin of these changes appears different during the first hours to days after onset and in the more chronic phase of critical i...
Interleukin-10 and Adaptive Immune Response
Simone Mocellin, Carlo Riccardo Rossi and Pierluigi Pilati
IL-10 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is produced by a variety of hematopoietic cells (e.g., CD4+ T cells, NK cells, macrophages, dendritic cells)1-4 and regulates the function of several adaptive immunity-related cells. Although generally considered an immunosuppressive molecule, IL-10 has been d...
Interleukin-10 Gene Polymorphisms and Cancer
W. Martin Howell
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a multifunctional cytokine with both immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic functions. In consequence, IL-10 can have both tumor-promoting and tumor-inhibiting properties. Raised levels of serum and peri-tumoral IL-10 production have been reported in many malignancies, wh...
Interleukin-10 in Allergic Disease
Peter J. Barnes
IL-10 plays a key regulatory role in allergic diseases. It is produced by many of the inflam matory cells involved in allergic inflammation, including macrophages, regulatory T lym phocytes, dendritic cells, mast cells and eosinophils. IL-10 suppresses allergic inflammation by inhibiting the expr...
Interleukin-10: Genetic Polymorphisms and Relevance to Autoimmune Pathology
Andrew W. Gibson, Jeffrey C. Edberg, Jianming Wu and Robert P. Kimberly
The association of high levels of IL-10 with autoimmune diseases suggests that this cytokine plays an important role in the disease pathogenesis. Family studies of first-degree rela tives and analysis of twins indicate that heritable genetic factors underlie inter-individual differences in quan...
Laron Syndrome: Primary GH Insensitivity or Resistance
Zvi Laron
An up to-date description of the etiology, clinical and laboratory pathology of the Laron Syndrome (Primary GH resistance or insensitivity). is presented. Laron Syndrome is a unique model to study the physiological role of IGF-I(primary IGF-I deficiency ) and the IGF-I /GH relationship. Invest...
Metabolic Effects of Insulin-Like Growth Factor I and Growth Hormone in vivo: A Comparison
Nelly Mauras
The metabolic effects of IGF-I are varied and remarkably similar in many respects to those of GH. IGF-I mediates some, but not all of the metabolic actions of GH in man. Both GH and IGF-I potently stimulate whole body protein synthesis rates in healthy subjects, with minimal effects in p...
Regulation of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Gene Expression
Xia Wang and Martin L. Adamo
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) mRNAs is expressed in adults principally in liver, which secretes IGF-I to act as an endocrine growth factor. Liver IGF-I mRNAs are transcribed from multiple start sites within two promoters, giving rise to mRNAs containing either exon 1 or exon 2 as ...
Role of IL-10 in Autoimmune Pathology
Almeras Lionel and Prin Lionel
The mechanisms involved in initiating and maintaining the inflammatory response associated with autoimmune diseases is yet to be defined. Nevertheless, cytokines with pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory activity play a crucial role in the development of auto-aggressive responses, as demonstrate...
Role of IL-10 in Cancer
Monica C. Panelli and Francesco M. Marincola
The pleiotropic effects of interleukin 10 (IL-10) are at the basis of the controversy about its role in the control of innate and adaptive immune responses where it could play in different experimental or pathological conditions an anti- or a pro-inflammatory function. This dualism is particularl...
Role of IL-10 in Reactive Arthritis and Ankylosing Spondylitis
Joachim Sieper and Martin Rudwaleit
Reactive arthritis (ReA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) are part of the so called spondyloarthropathies which also include arthritis/spondylitis with inflammatory bowel (IBD) disease and arthritis/spondylitis with psoriasis. The main link between each other is the association with HLA-B27, the s...
Role of Interleukin-10 in Transplantation
Thomas Ritter and Hans-Dieter Volk
Organ transplantation has been developed as ultimative option in patients with end-stage organ diseases. New immunosuppressive regimens and improved perioperative management did improve the short-term results during the last decade, however, insufficient control of chronic rejection and side effe...
Structure and Function of IL-10 and the IL-10 Receptor
Alexander Zdanov
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a cytokine the primary function of which appears to be to limit and control inflammatory responses. It signals through interactions with two receptor chains: high affinity IL-10R1 and low affinity IL-10R2. Initially IL-10 interacts with IL-10R1, forming an intermediate c...
Structure and Function of the IGF-1 and Mannose 6-phosphate/IGF-2 Receptors
Susan L. Spence and Peter Nissley
The IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R) gene is transcriptionally regulated by growth factors and tumor repressors and encodes a 210 kDa ab chain which is proteolytically cleaved and disulfide bonded to produce an a2b
The IGF System in Breast Cancer
Janet L. Martin
Breast cancer remains one of the most common causes of mortality in women worldwide, despite intensive research aimed at identifying the factors involved in its establishment and progression. Many lines of evidence support a key role for the IGF system in the development and progressi...
The Insulin-Like Growth Factor System and Bone
Thomas L. Clemens and Clifford J. Rosen
In the last several years, investigators have begun to unravel the role of insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and its family of IGF binding proteins, in the building and maintenance of the adult skeleton. Although it was nearly a half a century ago that the presence of a 'somatomed...
The Insulin-Like Growth Factors in Mammary Development and Breast Cancer
Teresa L. Wood, Malinda A. Stull, Dawn Kardash-Richardson, Michael A. Allar and Aimee V. Loladze
Normal and abnormal growth of mammary or breast epithelium is coordinately controlled by circulating hormones and locally-produced growth factors. The insulin-like growth factors and their primary signaling receptor, the IGF type I receptor, have demonstrated roles in normal mammary gland deve...
The Many Levels of Control of IGF-II Expression
P. Elly Holthuizen
The functions of IGF-II are very diverse. IGF-II plays a role in the development of the embryo, it is an important mitogenic factor for growing cells, it is involved in differentiation processes and it is highly expressed in many tumor tissues. Because of its pivotal role in these divers...
The Molecular Basis of IGF-I Receptor Gene Expression in Human Cancer
Haim Werner
The insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) has a central role in normal cellular proliferation as well as in transformation processes. Transcription factors have been identified that modulate the activity of the IGF-IR gene. Transcription factors with tum...
The Role of IL-10 in Autoimmune Pathology
Andrew W. Gibson, Jeffrey C. Edberg, Jianming Wu and Robert P. Kimberly
The association of high levels of IL-10 with autoimmune diseases suggests that this cytokine plays an important role in the disease pathogenesis. Family studies of first-degree relatives and analysis of twins indicate that heritable genetic factors underlie inter-individual differences in quantit...
The Role of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 and Extracellular Matrix Protein Interaction in Controlling Cellular Responses to this Growth Factor
David R. Clemmons
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a small polypeptide growth factor that is ubiquitously present in physiologic fluids. IGF-I is a potent stimulant of extracellular matrix protein (ECM) synthesis by all connective tissue cell types and it can control synthesis of basement membrane ...
The Role of NF-AT and NF-kB Transcription
Edgar Serfling, Stefan Klein-Hessling, Ralf Marienfeld, Manfred Neumann, Thomas Twardzik and Andris Avots
Numerous sequence elements which control the inducible expression of the IL-2 gene in peripheral T lymphocytes are assembled in its immediate upstream DNA element of approximately 300 bp, the IL-2 promoter (see Refs. 1 and 2 for reviews). Although this rel...
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