Development
Chapters
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Claudia S. Barros and Ulrich Müller
Integrins are a family of cell surface receptors that are expressed in many if not all tissues. Integrins mediate interactions with different ligands including extracellular matrix glyco- proteins, cell surface counter-receptors, proteases and pathogens. The study of integrins has provided compel...
Change of Epithelial Fate: Lessons from Gastrulation in Drosophila
Atish Ganguly and Y. Tony Ip
Change of epithelial cell fate occurs in developmental, physiological, and pathological processes. While the initiation and outcome of the various processes may differ, many of the cellular and molecular controls are common. Using Drosophila gastrulation as a model, we describe in this chapter th...
Clonal Unit Architecture of the Adult Fly Brain
Kei Ito and Takeshi Awasaki
During larval neurogenesis, neuroblasts repeat asymmetric cell divisions to generate clonally related progeny. When the progeny of a single neuroblast is visualized in the larval brain, their cell bodies form a cluster and their neurites form a tight bundle. This structure persists in the adult brai...
Cognitive and Social Advantages
Lesley Rogers
Of the many examples of lateralization in vertebrates some are expressed at the individual level only (i.e., not aligned in the population) and others at both the individual and population level. This chapter addresses the advantages and disadvantages of both manifestations of lateralization. First,...
Commonalities and Differences in Muscular Dystrophies: Mechanisms and Molecules Involved in Merosin-Deficient Congenital Muscular Dystrophy
Markus A. Ruegg
Congenital muscular dystrophies are autosomal recessive diseases characterized by generalized hypotonia, delayed motor milestones and involvement of the brain. A large subgroup of this rather heterogeneous disease is due to mutations in one of the chains of the extracellular matrix molecules lami...
Comparative Physiology of Insect Flight Muscle
Robert K. Josephson
Insect flight is powered by muscles that attach more-or-less directly to the wings (direct flight muscles) and muscles that bring about wing movement by distorting the insect’s thorax (indirect flight muscles). Flight stability and steering are achieved by differential activation of power muscles...
Comparison of Muscle Development in Drosophila and Vertebrates
Michael V. Taylor
There are many fundamental similarities in the biology of Drosophila and vertebrates, and Drosophila has become a prominent model organism for studies of animal develop ment. Here the development of the different vertebrate muscle types (skeletal, cardiac and smooth) is compared with their anatom...
Cranial Neural Crest and Development of the Head Skeleton
Robert D. Knight and Thomas F. Schilling
The skeletal derivatives of the cranial neural crest (CNC) are patterned through a combination of intrinsic differences between crest cells and extrinsic signals from adjacent tissues, including endoderm and ectoderm. In this chapter, we focus on how CNC cells positionally interpret these cues to ge...
Current Methods in the Study of Avian Skin Appendages
Ting-Xin Jiang, N. Susan Stott, Randall B. Widelitz and Cheng-Ming Chuong
Chicken skin development is an excellent model to study the mechanisms of morphogen-esis. It has a long experimental history and has been well characterized morphologically. Chicken skin offers distinct patterns and large numbers of different cutaneous appendages, accessibility to micros...
Cutaneous Wound Reepithelialization: A Partial and Reversible EMT
Valerie Arnoux, Christophe Come, Donna F. Kusewitt, Laurie G. Hudson and Pierre Savagner
Successful cutaneous wound repair occurs in a series of tightly coordinated and overlapping steps: (1) inflammation and clot formation, (2) keratinocyte activation and migration, (3) remodeling of the basement membrane and extracellular matrix, and (4) dermal and epidermal maturation. During the ...
Dealing with Objects in Space: Lateralized Mechanisms of Perception and Cognition in the Domestic Chick (Gallus gallus)
Lucia Regolin
The domestic chick constitutes an excellent animal model for the investigation of the lateralization of brain functions possibly underlying a variety of perceptual and cognitive abilities. In particular, lateralised information processing is considered to take place in perception of partly occ...
Defective Somitogenesis and Abnormal Vertebral Segmentation in Man
Peter D. Turnpenny
In recent years molecular genetics has revolutionized the study of somitogenesis in developmental biology and advances that have taken place in animal models have been applied successfully to human disease. Abnormal segmentation in man is a relatively common birth defect and advances in understandin...
Design of the Larval Chemosensory System
Reinhard F. Stocker
Given that smell and taste are vital senses for most animal species, it is not surprising that chemosensation has become a strong focus in neurobiological research. Much of what we know today about how the brain “mirrors” the chemical environment has derived from simple organisms like Drosophila. Th...
Development of Melanocytes from Neural Crest Progenitors
Laure Lecoin, Ronit Lahav, Elisabeth Dupin and Nicole Le Douarin
The pigmented cells of the body, the melanocytes, have long been a favored cell type for studies of the genetic and epigenetic factors involved in cell differentiation, partly because pigment makes these cells easily recognizable without any staining, but also because of the astonishi...
Development of the Drosophila Olfactory System
Veronica Rodrigues and Thomas Hummel
The olfactory system throughout the animal kingdom is characterized by a large number of highly specialized neuronal cell types. Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in the peripheral sensory epithelium display two main differentiation features: the selective expression of a single odorant receptor out...
Development of the Larval Somatic Musculature
Ana Carmena and Mary Baylies
The larval somatic musculature of Drosophila is arranged in a highly stereotyped pattern of 30 muscle fibers per hemisegment. Each muscle possesses a distinctive set of properties: size, shape, orientation, attachments to the epidermis and specific innervation. These qualities make each myofiber ...
Development of the Larval Visceral Musculature
Hsiu-Hsiang Lee, Stephane Zaffran and Manfred Frasch
The visceral mesoderm of Drosophila forms the thin layers of muscle fibers surrounding the digestive tract. Both during their development and after differentiation, these muscle tissues have crucial roles in the morphogenesis and functioning of the gut tube. The visceral muscles of the foregut, m...
Development of the Somatic Gonad and Fat Bodies
Mark Van Doren
The development of the Drosophila fat body and gonads represent excellent models for studying cell type specification, patterning and morphogenesis during organ formation. Moreover, these organs are critical for the proper homeostasis of one generation of the species, while ensuring the productio...
Development of Vertebrate Brain Asymmetry Under Normal and Space Flight Conditions
Alexandra Proshchina and Sergey Saveliev
We investigated the effects of spaceflight on the development of right-left brain asymmetry in larvae of amphibians (Xenopus laevis) and in pups and embryos of mammals (Rattus norvegicus). Here we report that larvae of Xenopus laevis showed no changes in the volume of grey matter post exposure t...
Dissection of the Embryonic Brain Using Photoactivated Gene Expression
Jonathan Minden
The Drosophila brain is generated by a complex series of morphogenetic movements. To better understand brain development and to provide a guide for experimental manipulation of brain progenitors, we created a fate map using photoactivated gene expression to mark cells originating within specific mit...
Distinct Mechanisms Downstream of the Repeat Expansion are Implicated in the Molecular Basis of Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1
Keith Johnson and Rami Jarjour
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is the most common inherited muscular dystrophy affecting adults. The underlying mutation is the same in all patients with DM1, namely a trinucleotide (CTG) repeat expansion. There is now conclusive evidence that there are several distinct molecular mechanisms that...
Dorsoventral Patterning of the Brain: A Comparative Approach
Rolf Urbach and Gerhard M. Technau
Development of the central nervous system (CNS) involves the transformation of a two‑dimensional epithelial sheet of uniform ectodermal cells, the neuroectoderm, into a highly complex three‑dimensional structure consisting of a huge variety of different neural cell types. Characteristic ...
Early Molecular Events in Feather Morphogenesis: Induction and Dermal Condensation
Randall B. Widelitz and Cheng-Ming Chuong
Embryogenesis is composed of a series of inductive events that change the fate of respond-ing tissues. Through induction, new tissues and organs are generated. In the beginning of embryogenesis, ectodermal-endodermal interactions produce the mesoderm by what is termed primary inductio...
Ectodermal Dysplasia:A Synthesis Between Evolutionary, Developmental, and Molecular Biology and Human Clinical Genetics
Harold C. Slavkin, Lillian Shum and Glen H. Nuckolls
In 1875 Charles Darwin reported a fascinating set of phenotypes associated with the "tooth-less men of sind", members of a Hindu kindred which resides in the vicinity of Hyderabad in India.1 Darwin described a family "in which ten men, in the course of four generations, wer...
Embryonic Salivary Gland Branching Morphogenesis
Tina Jaskoll and Michael Melnick
Salivary submandibular gland (SMG) morphogenesis is regulated by the functional integration of stage-specific growth factor- , cytokine- and transcription factor-mediated signaling which mediates specific patterns of cell proliferation, cell quiescence, apoptosis, and histodifferentiation. We des...
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