Endocrine
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« previous | page 2 of 3 pages | next »Molecular Genetic Abnormalities in Sporadic Hyperparathyroidism
Trisha M. Shattuck, Sanjay M. Mallya and Andrew Arnold
The biochemical state of primary hyperparathyroidism is generally caused by hypercellular parathyroid glands categorized as multigland hyperplasia, benign adenoma or malignant carcinoma. Most, and probably all, adenomas and carcinomas are monoclonal in origin, and specific clonal genetic lesions ...
Molecular Mechanisms in Parathyroid Tumorigenesis
Eitan Friedman
Primary hyperparathyroidism (1 HPT) is a relatively common disorder, with an estimated prevalence of 1:500-1:1000.1 In about 80%-85% of 1 HPT cases, a single enlarged parathyroid gland with a distinct capsule that separates the tumorous from the nontumorous tissue (=adenoma or uniglandular diseas...
Obesity and Diabetes Epidemics: Cancer Repercussions
Anette Hjartåker, Hilde Langseth and Elisabete Weiderpass
The prevalence of overweight (body mass index, BMI, between 25 and 30 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI of 30 kg/m2 or higher) is increasing rapidly worldwide, especially in developing countries and countries undergoing economic transition to a market economy. One consequence of obesity is an increased risk o...
OGP—The Osteogenic Growth Peptide
James F. Whitfield
Scooping out the marrow or driving a nail into the marrow cavity of a bone such as the tibia, like a fracture, causes the marrow cavity to fill with a blood clot and releases a shower of osteogenic signalers such as b2-microglobulin, IGF-I, PDGF, TGF-bs, and VEGF from platelets, shocked bone-lining ...
Parathyroid Gland Hyperplasia in Renal Failure
Adriana S. Dusso, Mario Cozzolino and Eduardo Slatopolsky
Secondary hyperparathyroidism, a frequent complication of chronic renal failure, is characterized by parathyroid hyperplasia and enhanced synthesis and secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH).1-3 As summarized in Figure 1, high circulating PTH levels are not only a major contributor to osteitis fi...
Parathyroid Hormone, from Gene to Protein
Osnat Bell, Justin Silver and Tally Naveh-Many
The biosynthetic pathway of parathyroid hormone (PTH) has been studied from gene expression to PTH intracellular processing.1 The processing of PTH has been described and involves the synthesis of an initial translational product, preProPTH, and two proteolytic cleavages that in turn produce ProP...
Pharmacogenomics of Endocrine Therapy in Breast Cancer
Richard Weinshilboum
The treatment of breast cancer with selective estrogen receptor modulators such as tamoxifen and with aromatase inhibitors represents a major advance in cancer chemotherapy. However, there are large variations among patients in both the therapeutic efficacy and side effects of these drugs. Pharmacog...
Prevention of Breast Cancer Using SERMs
Trevor J. Powles
The development of breast cancer is dependant in part on oestrogen. Suppression of ovarian function or use of anti‑oestrogens will reduce the incidence of breast cancer. Many trials have now been done involving tens of thousands of healthy women evaluating the use of selective oestrogen recept...
Progesterone Receptor Action: Translating Studies in Breast Cancer Models to Clinical Insights
Carol A. Lange, Carol A. Sartorius , extra--please delete , Monique A. Spillman, Kathryn B. Horwitz and Britta M. Jacobsen
Progesterone receptors (PR) are useful prognostic indicators of breast cancers likely to respond to anti‑estrogen receptor (ER) therapies. However, the role of progesterone, therapeutic progestins, or unliganded or liganded PR in breast cancer development or progression remains controversial. ...
Proteomics of Cancer of Hormone-Dependent Tissues
Darren R. Tyson and David K. Ornstein
Serum and tissue biomarkers have begun to play an increasingly important role in the detection and management of many cancers of hormone‑sensitive tissues. Specifically, the introduction of serum PSA measurements into clinical practice has dramatically altered detection and treatment of prosta...
Radiolabeled Somatostatin Analogs in the Diagnosis and Therapy of Neuroendocrine Tumors
Leszek Królicki, Jolanta Kunikowska and Marianna I. Bak
The proof of the principle, that many tumors are characterized by a high expression of somatostatin receptors, has provided the background for the use of somatostatin analogs in the diagnostic process and in the therapy of these tumors. At present, somatostatin receptor scintigraphy can be adequatel...
Regulation of Insulin Action and Insulin Secretion by SNARE-Mediated Vesicle Exocytosis
Debbie Thurmond
Maintenance of glucose homeostasis requires ‘cross-talk’ between pancreatic insulin secretion and insulin signaling in the peripheral tissues. Both insulin secretion and glucose uptake are regulated exocytotic processes mediated by SNARE protein complexes. SNARE core complexes are heterotrimeric, co...
Regulation of Parathyroid Hormone Gene Expression by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D
Tally Naveh-Many and Justin Silver
Vitamin D’s active metabolite 1,25(OH)2D3 acts on the parathyroid to markedly decrease PTH gene transcription. It does this by binding to its specific receptor in the parathyroid which then binds to a defined sequence, the vitamin D response element (VDRE) in the parathyroid hormone (PTH) gene pr...
Regulation of Parathyroid Hormone mRNA Stability by Calcium and Phosphate
Rachel Kilav, Justin Silver and Tally Naveh-Many
Calcium and phosphate regulate parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion, gene expression and if prolonged also parathyroid proliferation. The regulation of PTH gene expression by Ca2+ and Pi is post-transcriptional, affecting mRNA stability. The regulation of PTH mRNA stability is mediated by the bind...
Relaxin and Related Peptides in Male Reproduction
Alexander I. Agoulnik
The relaxin hormone is renowned for its function in pregnancy, parturition and other aspects of female reproduction. At the same time, the role of relaxin in male reproduction is still debated. Relaxin is prominently expressed in prostate and its receptors are found in several male reproductive orga...
Relaxin Physiology in the Female Reproductive Tract during Pregnancy
Laura J. Parry and Lenka A. Vodstrcil
The characteristic functions of relaxin are associated with female reproductive tract physiology. These include the regulation of biochemical processes involved in remodeling the extracellular matrix of the cervix and vagina during pregnancy and rupture of the fetal membranes at term. Such modificat...
Relaxin, the Relaxin-Like Factor and Their Receptors
Christian Schwabe and Erika E. Büllesbach
In 1926 Frederick Hisaw discovered a blood‑borne factor in pregnant guinea pigs that would cause relaxation of the pubic symphysis in virgin females of the species.1The relaxin‑like factor gene (RLF), also known as insulin‑like 3 (INSL3), was recovered from a library of testicular ...
Relaxin-Family Peptide and Receptor Systems in Brain Insights from Recent Anatomical and Functional Studies
Sherie Ma and Andrew L. Gundlach
Relaxin was for many years considered primarily a hormone active within the reproductive tract with overwhelming evidence for its important roles in mammalian parturition. More\\r\\n recent research, however, has clearly indicated additional physiological and/or therapeutic roles...
Relaxin-Like Ligand-Receptor Systems Are Autocrine/Paracrine Effectors in Tumor Cells and Modulate Cancer Progression and Tissue Invasiveness
Thomas Klonisch, Joanna Bialek, Yvonne Radestock, Cuong Hoang-Vu and Sabine Hombach-Klonisch
Relaxin and INSL3 are novel autocrine/paracrine insulin‑like hormones in tumor biology. Both effectors can bind to and activate the leucine‑rich G‑protein coupled receptors LGR7 (relaxin receptor) or LGR8 (relaxin/INSL3 receptor). These relaxin‑like ligand‑receptor syst...
Role of Endocrine-Genotoxic Switchings in Cancer and Other Human Diseases: Basic Triad
Lev M. Berstein
Cancer is one of the leading causes of human death and belongs to the group of main chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCD). Certain specific features of NCD have raised the concept of ‘normal’ and ‘successful’ aging. The apparent paradox of simultaneous increase with aging of the diseases connected ...
Role of FoxO Proteins in Pancreatic b Cells
Tadahiro Kitamura, Yukari Ido Kitamura and Domenico Accili
Forkhead transcription factors of the FoxO family have important roles in cellular proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and stress resistance. FoxO proteins also play important roles in metabolism of complex organisms. FoxO1 regulates glucose and lipid metabolism in liver, as well as pr...
Role of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein and Lactogens in the Pancreatic Beta Cell
Yuichi Fujinaka, Lin Wang, Takaya Matsushita and Rupangi C. Vasavada
With the current rate of escalation in diabetes worldwide the need to treat and cure the disease is imperative from the standpoint of avoiding both a health and a related economic crisis in the future. In the past decade there has been an impetus in the search for the cause(s), the treatment, ...
Role of Pdx-1 in β-Cell Growth
J. Nina Ham and Doris A. Stoffers
PDX-1 is a homeodomain transcription factor that acts as a key regulator of pancreas development, pancreatic b-cell differentiation, and b-cell function. It is one of the earliest markers of pancreatic morphogenesis, and its expression is maintained throughout the life of the pancreatic b-cell, indi...
Selective Estrogen Modulators as an Anticancer Tool: Mechanisms of Efficiency and Resistance
Surojeet Sengupta and V. Craig Jordan
The majority of breast cancers are estrogen receptor (ER) positive and depend on estrogen for growth. Therefore, blocking estrogen mediated actions remains the strategy of choice for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. The selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are molecules that ...
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