Immunology
Chapters
page 1 of 4 pages | next »A Dual Role for Mast Cells in Contact Hypersensitivity Reactions More Team Players in Type 1 T Cell Mediated Contact Hypersensitivity Reactions
Tilo Biedermann and Martin R?cken
Contact hypersensitivity reactions (CHSR) are prototypic delayed type hypersensitivity reactions (DTHR). They are mediated by interferon (IFN)?-producing CD4+ and CD8+, which are called type 1 T cells. Type 1 T cells can lead to the development of CHSR if directed against haptens or to autoimmune...
A Matter of Life and Death of T-Lymphocytes in Immunosenescence
Sudhir Gupta
Aging is associated with progressive decline in T‑cell functions. A number of mechanisms have been proposed to explain immunosenescence. In this chapter I will discuss a role of apoptosis of T‑lymphocytes in immunosenescence. Molecular signaling of different pathways of apoptosis and the...
A Revisit of Current Dogma for the Cellular and Molecular Basis of Oral Tolerance
Kohtaro Fujihashi, Hirotomo Kato and Jerry R. McGhee
Studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms for oral tolerance have focused on the central importance of CD4+ T cells and their surface co-stimulatory molecules as well as derived cytokines. In addition ?? T cells play critical roles in the induction of mucosally (orally and nasally) induced...
Adding Complexity to Phagocytic Signaling: Phagocytosis-Associated Cell Responses and Phagocytic Efficiency
Erick Garcia-García and Carlos Rosales
Regulation of the phagocytic process involves complex signaling pathways that lead to particle internalization and destruction. Phagocytosis, however, is not a cellular response occurring as an isolated event. Phagocytic signaling involves the regulation of many phagocytosis-associated cell respo...
Animal Models of OXPHOS Disorders
Nicole Hance and Nils-G?ran Larsson
Dysfunction of the mitochondrial respiratory chain has been associated with a wide range of human diseases ranging from diabetes to cardiomyopathy. Mutations in a number of nuclear as well as mitochondrial genes have been implicated in causing these diseases. Several animal models have now been c...
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Opioids
Judith S. Walker
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disorder with its primary manifestations in the joints. The etiology of RA remains obscure, no cure is yet available and sustained disease remission is rarely achieved. Opioid drugs are not currently used in the treatment of RA...
Antibody Responses to Polysaccharides
Carola G. Vinuesa and Ian C.M. MacLennan
The polysaccharide capsules of Haemophilus influenzae b, pneumococci and meningococci protect these bacteria from innate immune mechanisms. Consequently, antibody responses to these encapsulated organisms are crucial for host defence. These responses are different from those stimulated by conv...
Approaches to the Predictive Identification and Assessment of Chemical Contact Allergens
David A. Basketter, Grace Y. Patlewicz, Camilla K. Smith Pease, Nicola Gilmour and Ian Kimber
The prospective identification of potential contact allergens and their subsequent safety assessment is the pivotal activity in successful management of this risk to human health. Although much can be learned from the chemical and physical properties of a substance, the definitive information in ...
Autoimmune Diseases, Aging and the CD4+ Lymphocyte: Why Does Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Start in Youth, but Rheumatoid Arthritis Mostly at Older Age?
Jacek M. Witkowski
Autoimmune diseases, still sometimes called ‘autoaggression’, result from the impaired and inappropriate reaction of the immune system to self antigens and cause cell and tissue damage and acute or chronic inflammatory processes. However, many profoundly different pathologies are collected together ...
C-Reactive Protein: Structure, Synthesis and Function
Terry W. Du Clos and Carolyn Mold
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase serum protein in man and a member of the pentraxin family of proteins. The pentraxins are conserved on an evolutionary basis having shared structural features across invertebrate and vertebrate species. The pentraxins share a novel cyclic pentameric s...
C-Type Lectin and Lectin-Like Receptors in the Immune System
Sally Rogers and Simon Y.C. Wong
Protein-carbohydrate interactions have been shown to mediate a variety of biological ac tivities such as homeostasis and immune responses. Immune activities include pathogen recognition and neutralization, leukocyte trafficking, phagocytosis, antigen uptake and processing, and apoptosis. Most o...
Calcium Signaling During Phagocytosis
Alirio J. Melendez
Phagocytosis is important for a wide diversity of organisms. From simple unicellular organisms that use phagocytosis to eat, to complex metazoans in which phagocytic cells represent an essential branch of the immune system. Evolution has armed cells with a fantastic repertoire of molecules that s...
Carbohydrate Recognition Receptors
Philip R. Taylor, Gordon D. Brown, Luisa Martinez-Pomares and Siamon Gordon
This chapter describes the receptors on the surface of antigen presenting cells that have been shown to bind to carbohydrates, including those found on the surface of microbes and viruses, and glycosylated endogenous molecules such as hormones and lysosomal enzymes. The same repertoire of rece...
Carbohydrate-Based Targets and Vehicles for Cancer and Infectious Diseases Vaccines
Vasso Apostolopoulos, Magdalena Plebanski and Ian McKenzie
The last decade has seen carbohydrates used not only as targets for effective vaccines against bacteria, but also developed as adjuvants and vaccine carriers for protein antigens for immunotherapy. This chapter focuses on carbohydrate targeting in bacterial and parasitic models for vaccine develo...
CD1-Restricted T Cell Responses Against Microbial Glycolipids
Steven A. Porcelli, Lynn G. Dover and Gurdyal S. Besra
The identification of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules as presenting elements for the recognition of peptide antigens by T cells is one of the most fundamental principles of the adaptive immune response. While this mechanism clearly lies at the heart of most ...
Challenges and Opportunities in the Development of New Conjugate Vaccines Against Infectious Diseases
P. Moingeon, M. Moreau and A.A. Lindberg
Chemical conjugation between capsular polysaccharides (CPS) or lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and carrier proteins represents a powerful means to create vaccines targeting bacterial carbohydrate antigens with increased immunogenicity. Using such conjugate vaccines, infections against Haemophilus in...
Clinical Applications of Oral Tolerance
Howard L. Weiner
Oral tolerance has classically been defined as the specific suppression of cellular and/or humoral immune responses to an antigen by prior administration of the antigen by the oral route. It presumably evolved to prevent hypersensitivity reactions to food proteins and bacterial antigens present i...
Complement Receptors, Adhesion, and Phagocytosis
Eric Brown
Recognition of potential pathogens by host cells involved in their destruction is the initial step in generation of sterilizing immunity after epithelial barriers have been penetrated by disease-causing bacteria, viruses, and eukaryotes. One mechanism for recognition is that professional phagocyt...
Contribution of CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells in Contact Hypersensitivity and Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Pierre Saint-Mezard, Fr_d_ric B_rard, Bertrand Dubois
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and contact hypersensitivity (CHS) are delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions which are mediated by hapten specific T cells. During the sensitisation phases, both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell precursors are activated in the draining lymph nodes by presentation of hapten...
Cytokines and Peripheral Analgesia
Michael Schafer
Acute transient pain serves as a physiological warning to guard the integrity of the organism. An immediate reflex, e.g., withdrawal of a body part from a heat source, prevents tissue damage. If tissue damage occurs, an inflammatory response develops that triggers mechanisms in both t...
Cytokines in Contact Sensitivity
Alexander H. Enk
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is one of the best-established model diseases for T cell-mediated immune responses. Besides the important role that T cells play in the initiation and maintenance of this immune response, cytokines have been shown to be important mediators of the inflammatory pro...
Cytokines, Cyclooxygenases and Oral Tolerance
Olivier Morteau
The intestinal mucosa faces a perpetual challenge: to allow the entry of minerals and nutrients from the lumen while modulating the immune responses to luminal antigens, in order to prevent mucosal inflammation. The immunosuppressive response of the mucosa to food antigens and bacteria of the nor...
Dendritic Cells As a Target for Therapeutic Intervention of Contact Hypersensitivity
Akira Takashima, Hiroyuki Matsue, Tadashi Kumamoto, Norikatsu Mizumoto, Akimichi Morita and Mark E. Mummert
Langerhans cells (LC), a skin-specific member of the dendritic cell (DC) family of antigen presenting cells, play crucial roles in the induction of allergic contact hypersensitivity responses (CHSR). Skin exposure to reactive haptens causes LC emigration from the epidermis as well as their matura...
Diversity in Phagocytic Signaling: A Story of Greed, Sharing, and Exploitation
Erick Garcia-García
Phagocytosis is the process whereby cells engulf large particles. Phagocytosis is triggered by the interaction of opsonins covering the surface of a phagocytic target with specific phagocyte receptors. In multicellular organisms phagocytosis participates in tissue remodeling and contributes to ho...
Evidence-Based Answers to Clinical Questions in Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Whitney A. High and Ponciano D. Cruz
Four issues of current relevance to clinical contact dermatitis are discussed in the context of basic knowledge regarding immunopathogenesis: What differentiates contact allergens from contact irritants? What governs sensitization versus tolerance? How does patch test reactivity relate to disease...
page 1 of 4 pages | next »
