Tissue Engineering
Chapters
« previous | page 3 of 5 pages | next »FIZZy Alveolar Epithelial Cells Induce Myofibroblast Differentiation
Sem H. Phan
While some progress has been made recently in identifying potential candidate genes that may be important in pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis, the list certainly is not complete. Using DNA microarray analysis to analyze the lung gene expression profiles in a rat model of pulmonary fibrosis has rev...
Fluid Removal During Hemodialysis
John K. Leypoldt and Alfred K. Cheung
The total volume and distribution of body fluids are highly regulated in normal individuals because of precise excretion of water and ions by the kidney.1,2 In end stage renal disease, control of fluid volume becomes progressively abnormal; at a certain stage...
Functional Aspects of Microvascular Cell Isolates
M. Fittkau, Teddy Fischlein
Because of the limited availability of autologous venous endothelium for transplantation onto vascular implants, microvascular cells from human subcutaneous fat tissue were first used for the coating of synthetic vascular prostheses in 1986.1,2 Subcutaneous fat tissue is easil...
Functional Assessment of Fibroblast Heterogeneity by the Cell-Surface Glycoprotein Thy-1
Carolyn J. Baglole, Terry J. Smith, David Foster, Patricia J. Sime, Steve Feldon and Richard P. Phipps
Fibroblasts are a heterogeneous population of structural cells whose primary function is the production of extracellular matrix for normal tissue maintenance and repair. However, fibroblasts provide much more than structural support as they synthesize and respond to many different cytokines and lipi...
Gene Therapy for the Enhancement of Fracture Healing
Charles Sfeir, Hannsjoerg Koch, Julie Jadlowiec, Paul Robbins and Jeffrey O. Hollinger
The ability to introduce exogenous DNA into cells is a powerful tool for researchers in the quest to improve treatment options. Recent years have witnessed increased enthusiasm for gene therapy and the use of this technology to enhance bone repair is an obvious choice. To gain therapeutic value f...
Healing Patterns Following Microvascular Seeding—A Clinical Evaluation of Microvascular-Seeded A-V Access Grafts
Steven P. Schmidt, Sharon O. Meerbaum, Duane L. Donovan
The need for a more successful artificial bypass graft to replace small and medium-diameter blood vessels remains an important issue in vascular surgery. Approximately 600,000 patients require arterial reconstructive surgeries in the United States annually, including 20,000 femoropopliteal bypasses....
How Does Extracellular Matrix Control Capillary Morphogenesis?
Robert B. Vernon, E. Helene Sage
The blood vascular system has evolved a significant capacity for change. During embry-onic and fetal life, the vasculature increases in quantity and complexity to serve developing tissues and organs. Vasculature of the adult is, in general, quiescent, yet it retains a capacity for growth...
Human Clinical Trials of Microvascular Endothelial Cell Sodding
Stuart K. Williams
While advances in clinical vascular surgery have resulted in significant progress in the treatment of vascular diseases, a significant frustration has been the inability to sustain the patency of small diameter (< 6 mm) synthetic vascular grafts. A specific example of the poor perf...
Hydrogels in Biological Control During Graft Healing
Jeffrey A. Hubbell
Hydrogels are polymeric materials that imbibe a large fraction of water and yet remain intact, not dissolving even given an infinite period of time. These materials are formed from polymer chains that have a high affinity for water, either such that the chains would be individually solub...
In Vitro Endothelialization Elicits Tissue Remodeling Emulating Native Artery Structures
Manfred Deutsch, Johann Meinhart, Peter Zilla
In humans, the retrieval of samples from cardiovascular implants is a rare event. Therefore, it is almost impossible to evaluate the long term healing pattern of cardiovascular prostheses. At the same time, animal experiments do not offer a satisfying solution either. The significantl...
In Vitro Endothelialization of Synthetic Vascular Grafts in Long Term Clinical Use
Manfred Deutsch, Teddy Fischlein, Johann Meinhart, Peter Zilla
Primary patency of synthetic vascular grafts varies between 30% and 55%, whereas it is between 68% and 85% for autologous reversed saphenous vein grafts after 5 years of implantation.1-3 Apart from technical errors and anastomotic intimal hyperplasia, surface thrombogenicity a...
In Vitro Endothelialization: Its Contribution Towards an Ideal Vascular Replacement
Peter Zilla
Every era in medicine has been driven by one particular discipline which recognized an exciting new development occurring outside its own sphere as an opportunity for a quantum leap. Although this initial phase of integrating an unfamiliar dimension into a traditional medical dominion wa...
In Vivo Synthesis of Organs Using Collagen-GAG Copolymers
Ioannis V. Yannas
As practiced today, the methodology of tissue engineering emphasizes the reconstruction of tissues and organs. Such reconstructive activity may be either induced to take place inside the host organism, at the site of the missing organ (in vivo synthesis), or else it may be induced out...
Inflammatory Reaction: The Nemesis of Implants
James M. Anderson
Nemesis is the Greek goddess of retributive justice or vengeance. Thus, the term "nemesis" has been used to identify one that inflicts retribution or vengeance. Alternatively, nemesis has been defined as a source of harm or destruction. Following the implantation of a medical device, bio...
Innate Immune Regulation of Lung Injury and Repair
Dianhua Jiang, Jennifer Hodge, Jiurong Liang and Paul W. Noble
Mechanisms that regulate host defense to noninfectious tissue injury are poorly under- stood. Here we summarize our recent work investigating the role of the innate immune response in regulating the inflammatory and fibrotic response to noninfectious lung injury. We have identified key roles for...
Matrix Metalloproteinases, Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinase and Matrix Turnover and the Fate of Hepatic Stellate Cells
Aqeel M. Jamil and John P. Iredale
Liver injury is associated with activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) to a myofibroblast-like phenotype. In cirrhotic liver injury, activated HSCs are the major source of fibrillar collagens, an excess of which characterise fibrotic matrix. HSCs also have the capacity to remodel this matrix as ...
Maxillofacial Bone Regeneration Using Tissue Engineering Concepts
Minoru Ueda
The bone defect in the maxillofacial region generally can be categorized to three types according to the size of defects. The first category is the cavitary bone defect which is less than 3 cms in length and need from 5 to 10 ml of bone tissue for reconstruction. For such defects, the particular ...
Mechanical Forces and Cell Differentiation
Ira Mills, Bauer E. Sumpio
Our laboratory and others have been rigorously studying the influence of mechanical forces on vascular cell biology. It has been our contention that static conditions commonly utilized to study vascular cells in culture may not reflect their in vivo milieu. Vascular cells in vivo are sub...
Mechanical Modulation of Fracture Healing and Implications for Skeletal Tissue Engineering
A. Goodship
This chapter addresses the factors involved in the functional adaption of intact bone and the relevance of these to mechanical modulation of bone repair. The sensitivity of the repair process to the overall mechanical conditions imposed by the fixation system used is described. In addition the fu...
Mechanobiology of Bone
Elisabeth H. Burger, Jenneke Klein-Nulend and Margriet Mullender
Mechanical force is an important regulator of bone formation and resorption. Bone tissue remains adapted to the magnitude and direction of its daily loadings through out life, as a result of continuous adaptive remodeling. In culture, bone cells demonstrate a high responsiveness to mechanical str...
Medical Management of Acute Liver Failure
Frederick D. Watanabe, Elaine Kahaku, Achilles A. Demetriou
Despite advances in critical care management, prognosis in fulminant liver failure (FHF) remains poor, with mortality between 70 and 90%.1 Introduction of orthotopic liver transplantation has improved outcome and increased patient survival. The paradigm of medical management o...
Membrane Adsorbers for Decontamination and Leukocyte Removal
Galya Tishchenko and Miroslav Bleha
Membranes were originally developed as agents (filters, sieves) for solid-liquid separations by mechanical means. In this context any interaction (adsorption) of the components with the membrane material was to be avoided. Recently however, the controlled (selective) adsorption of cer...
Microgroove Driven Tissue Ingrowth
Edwin T. Den Braber, John A. Jansen
During the last two decades the availability and application of medical implants has increased dramatically. This concerns a broad variety of medical implants ranging from knee prostheses to insulin infusion pumps, and from vascular grafts to pacemakers. Some estimate figures were presen...
Microvascular Endothelial Cell Transplantation: A Review
Stuart K. Williams
The development of an endothelial cell lining on the lumenal surface of vascular implants (e.g., peripheral vascular grafts, arteriovenous fistulas, coronary artery bypass grafts) has been realized only with the understanding of the complex physiology of these cells. Th...
Molecular Determinants of Acute Inflammatory Responses to Biomaterials
Liping Tang, John W. Eaton
Despite the fact that most biomaterials are inert, nontoxic and nonimmunogenic, bioma-terial implants often cause adverse reactions. Typically, shortly after implantation, biomaterial surfaces attract a layer of phagocytic cells (especially, macrophages/monocytes and neutrophils)...
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