Apoptosis
Chapters
« previous | page 2 of 2 pagesMicroautophagy of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nucleus
David S. Goldfarb
Portions of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae nucleus are targeted to the vacuole and degraded by “piecemeal microautophagy of the nucleus” (Pmn). During Pmn small teardrop-like nuclear envelope blebs are engulfed by invaginations of the vacuole membrane, pinched into the vacuole lumen, and degraded b...
Mitochondrial/Apoptosome Dependent Activation of Caspases
Kelvin Cain
Many key biological processes, including caspase activation during apoptotic cell death are executed by large multi-protein complexes. Apoptosis can be initiated via death receptors or by perturbation of the mitochondria, which results in the release of apoptogenic proteins. These initia...
Modulation of Caspase Activity by Cellular Inhibitors
Klaus W. Wagner, Badry D. Bursulaya and Quinn L. Deveraux
Caspases are key effectors of the apoptosis process, therefore it is not surprising that mammals, as well as other species, evolved molecules that regulate caspases by directly binding and inhibiting them. Yet the IAPs are the only endogenous cellular caspase inhibitors identified to dat...
Other Methods of Caspase Activity Monitoring
Hubert Hug, Christof Burek and Marek Los
Caspases (Cysteine-Aspart-ases) are important effector molecules involved in apoptosis, though some of them can also participate in other physiological processes such as activation of proinflammatory cytokines and/or possibly regulation of cell activation and prolife...
Programmed cell death & trypanosomatids: A brief review
Maria de Nazaré C. Soeiro
The phenomenon of apoptosis, one type of programmed cell death, is reviewed in three vector-borne trypanosomatids (Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania spp) responsible for diseases of great medical and veterinary importance. Although some cytoplasmatic and nuclear apoptotic-like fea...
Programmed Cell Death and the Enteric Protozoan Parasite Blastocystis hominis :Perspectives and Prospects
Kevin Tan
The propensity for unicellular eukaryotes to undergo programmed cell death (PCD) has been well documented in recent years. This fascinating yet somewhat counterintuitive phenomenon has been reported to occur for many species of the parasitic Protozoa. Among the luminal Protozoa, PCD in Blastocystis ...
Programmed Cell Death During Malaria Parasite Infection of the Vertebrate Host and Mosquito Vector
Luke Baton, Emma Warr, Seth Hoffman and George Dimopoulos
In recent years, there has been an increasing awareness of the role of programmed cell death (PCD) in the malaria parasite’s infection of its vertebrate host and mosquito vector. Although the evidence that PCD occurs within malaria parasites themselves is currently limited and controversial, a signi...
Programmed cell death in African Trypanosomes
Katherine Figarella, Néstor L. Uzcátegui, Viola Denninger, Susan Welburn and Michael Duszenko
Since the discovery of programmed cell death in multicellular organisms and due to its definition as a mechanism to maintain the individual haemostasis of cellular and organ integrity, it was not plausible to think that such a phenomenon could also occur in unicellular organisms. However, during the...
Programmed Cell Death in Dinoflagellates
Maria Segovia
Dinoflagellates are unicellular flagellated eukaryotes exploiting different nutritional modes although approximately half of them are photosynthetic. They are a monophyletic group, included in the lineage Alveolates. Dinoflagellates are ecologically important as components of the phytoplankton, and ...
Programmed Cell Death in Protists without Mitochondria:The Missing Link
Claude-Olivier Sarde and Alberto Roseto
Programmed cell death (PCD), a fundamental process that can be triggered in all cells, was supposed until recently solely centred on the mitochondrion. However, in amitochondriate organisms where only hydrogenosomes and mitosomes subsist as mitochondria relics, recent findings show that PCD still oc...
Programmed Cell Death in Protozoa: An Evolutionary Point of View
The Example of Kinetoplastid Parasites
Miguel A. Fuerte, Paul A. Nguewa, Josefina Castilla, Carlos Alonso and José M. Pérez
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a molecular event, which play an essential role in the development of multicellular organisms. However, recent studies indicate that PCD is a mechanism also present in protozoa and unicellular eukaryotes. For instance, it has been recently proposed that some Trypanosom...
Programmed Nuclear Death and Other Like-Apoptotic Phenomena in Ciliated Protozoa
Silvia Díaz, Ana Martín González, Andrea Gallego and Juan Carlos-Gutierrez
One of the more usual hallmarks of programmed cell death (PCD) in multicellular organisms is the nuclear chromatin condensation and the DNA fragmentation in multiple oligonucleosome length fragments. In Tetrahymena thermophila and other free-living ciliated protozoa, a controlled nuclear degradation...
Regulation of Autophagy by the Target of Rapamycin (Tor) Proteins
Hagai Abeliovich
Administration of the small macrolide antibiotic rapamycin to eukaryotic cells results in physiological responses that mimic nutrient starvation, and in many ways resembles nitrogen starvation. The target for rapamycin action in these cells is a family of conserved kinases known as TOR (target of...
Regulation of Mammalian Autophagy by Protein Phosphorylation
Michael T.N. Møller, Hamid R. Samari, Lise Holden and Per O. Seglen
Mammalian autophagy is subject to regulation by a variety of protein kinases and phosphatases. Long-term control of autophagic capacity seems to be mediated by transcriptional effect(s) of eIF2• kinases, whereas a signaling pathway initiated by the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its upst...
Role of Autophagy in Developmental Cell Growth and Death: Insights from Drosophila
Thomas P. Neufeld
During development in Drosophila, larvae increase in mass by 1,000-fold over the course of a few days. This high rate of growth is controlled by TOR, a potent regulator of both protein synthesis and autophagy. At metamorphosis, most larval tissues are histolyzed through autophagy-mediated cell de...
Selective Degradation of Peroxisomes in the Methylotrophic Yeast Hansenula polymorpha
Jan Kiel and Marten Veenhuis
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles, morphologically characterized by a single membrane that encloses a proteinaceous matrix. These organelles are inducible in nature, and their functional diversity is unprecedented. Their importance is probably best illustrated by the existence of peroxisomal ...
Signaling Pathways in Mammalian Autopathy
Patrice Codogno and Alfred J. Meijer
Macroautophagy is a major catabolic process conserved from yeast to human. The formation of autophagic vacuoles is stimulated by a variety of intracellular and extracellular stress situations including amino acid starvation, aggregation of misfolded proteins, and accumulation of damaged organelle...
Structural Aspects of Mammalian Autophagy
Monica Fengsrud, Marianne Lunde Sneve, Anders Øverbye and Per O. Seglen
The initial event in mammalian autophagy, triggered, for example, by amino acid starvation, is the sequestration and enclosure of a piece of cytoplasm by one or more specialized membrane cisternae of uncertain origin, called phagophores. The resulting cytoplasm-filled vacuolar organelle, known as...
The Caspase Family
Mohamed Lamkanfi, Wim Declercq, Bart Depuydt, Michael Kalai, Xavier Saelens and Peter Vandenabeele
Caspases, a family of cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteases, are central mediators of apoptotic and inflammatory pathways. Caspases are synthesized as zymogens with a prodomain of variable length followed by a large subunit (p20) and small subunit (p10). The large prodomains contain protein recruit...
The Role of Caspases in Modulation of Cytokines and other Molecules in Apoptosis and Inflammation
Harald Loppnow, Krzysztof Guzik and Juliusz Pryjma
Caspases are a large family of evolutionary conserved proteases. The first caspase, has been identified as the enzyme necessary for functional maturation of IL-1b.1,2 This molecule, initially named interleukin-1b-converting...
Trafficking of Bacterial Pathogens to Autophagosomes
William A. Dunn, Jr., Brian R. Dorn and Ann Progulske-Fox
Bacteria have evolved a variety of mechanisms to subvert the eukaryotic defenses and survive intracellularly. Many bacterial pathogens have been shown to establish an intracellular niche for survival and replication by lysing the phagosome and entering the cytosol, by suppressing the maturation o...
Ubiquitin-Mediated Vacuolar Sorting and Degradation
David J. Katzmann
Protein sorting within the endosomal system can yield several outcomes. One outcome is sorting into the intralumenal vesicles of a multivesicular body (MVB). MVB formation is required for a number of important cellular functions. It has been appreciated for some time that some cell surface recept...
Vacuolar Import and Degradation
C. Randell Brown and Hui-Ling Chiang
The gluconeogenic enzyme fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase is rapidly degraded in yeast cells following a shift from low glucose conditions to high glucose conditions. Although the site of degradation has been controversial, research from our lab and others indicates that a significant portion of FBPas...
Virus-Encoded Caspase Inhibitors
Grant McFadden and Richard W. Moyer
There have been many excellent reviews on caspase structure and function16 and key features will only briefly be discussed here to set the framework for our discussion of virus encoded caspase inhibitors. Caspases (Cysteine-dependent Aspartate Specific Proteases)7 a...
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