Pharmacogenomics
Chapters
Admixture in North America
Esteban Parra
The history of North America has been marked by the encounter of populations from different continents. The discovery of the New World began a period defined by human migrations at a much larger scale than in previous history. This movement of people, voluntary or forced, changed profoundly th...
Controlling the Effects of Population Stratification by Admixture in Pharmacogenetics
Eduardo Tarazona-Santos, Sara Raimondi and Silvia Fuselli
Admixture is a common type of gene flow in human populations, and occurs when individuals from two or more parental populations that have been isolated for several generations, form a new hybrid population. Admixed populations are common in North and Latin America, Central Asia and South Afric...
Human Genomic Variation Studies and Pharmacogenomics Are Critical for Global Health
Beatrice Seguin, Samina Essajee, Gerardo Jimenez-Sanchez, Peter A. Singer and Abdallah S. Daar
Many people in the world still lack access to essential medicines. The World Health Organization (WHO) has attempted to address this inequity by creating the essential medicines list (See http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/en/). This list is intended to help countries with ...
Pharmacogenetic Studies in the Brazilian Population
Guilherme Suarez-Kurtz and Sergio D.J. Pena
By virtue of being the product of the genetic admixture of three ancestral roots: Europeans, Africans and Amerindians, the Brazilian population displays very high levels of genomic diversity and several peculiarities in its genetic structure that are reviewed in this chapter. After painting t...
Pharmacogenetics and Ethnicity: An Asian Perspective
Su Pin Choo, Suman Lal and Balram Chowbay
The improved understanding and merging of the areas of genomic research and thera- peutics have resulted in a rapid acceleration in the area of pharmacogenomics. The clinical implications of this translational research discipline supported by the insights gained so far has further emphasized th...
Pharmacogenetics in Admixed Polynesian Populations
Rod A. Lea and Geoffrey K. Chambers
Collectively, the islands of the remote Pacific Ocean form the last geographic region on earth to be colonised by humans. The region is known as Polynesia and is defined by a triangular boundary joining, Hawaii in the North, Easter Island in the East and New Zealand in the South. Polynesia contains ...
Pharmacogenetics in Chinese Population
Hong-Hao Zhou and Wei Zhang
Genetic variations of drug-metabolizing enzymes, receptors and transporters have been recognized as major causes of the interindividual variability in drug responses. As a result of the genotype effect, interindividual variations in drug response may result from interindividual differences in ...
Pharmacogenetics in the African American Population
Howard McLeod
There is great heterogeneity in the way humans respond to medications, often requiring empirical strategies to define the appropriate drug therapy for each patient. Genetic polymorphisms in drug metabolizing enzymes, transporters, receptors, and other drug targets provide putative markers for ...
Pharmacogenetics of Cytochrome P450 in Hispanic Populations
Pedro Dorado, Guilherme Suarez-Kurtz and Adrian LLerena
The present review focuses on the pharmacogenetics of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in Hispanic populations, comprising the people living in Spanish speaking countries of the Americas as well as those categorized as Hispanics in the United States. We acknowledge the diversity of these peop...
Pharmacogenetics of Cytochrome P450s in African Populations: Clinical and Molecular Evolutionary Implications
Eleni Aklillu, Collet Dandara, Leif Bertilsson and Collen Masimirembwa
Though the pharmacogenetics of drug metabolism had its origins in the 1960s, it is only during the past 10 years that it begun to have clinical impact and pharmaceutical industry recognition. The delay in clinical application was due to both lack of convincing clinical data as to the relevance of ph...
Pharmacogenetics, Ethnic Differences in Drug Response and Drug Regulation
Rashmi R. Shah
The two key components in the pathway between the administration of a drug and the clinical response it elicits are the dose-concentration (pharmacokinetic) and/or concentration-response (pharmacodynamic) relationships of the drug. Both these components are subject to genetic influences that a...
Pharmacogenomics in the Indian Population
M. Ravindra Kumar and C. Adithan
India is one of the most diverse countries in the world. There are more than 200 languages spoken in India and 22 of them are considered official language. The population is segregated into endogamous groups based on religion (Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Buddhist, Sikhs etc.), caste and ethni...
The Evolution and Structure of Human Genetic Diversity
Sergio D.J. Pena
The conceptual development and the praxis of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics will depend on a solid understanding of the evolution and structure of human genomic diversity. In this review three historically sequential views of human variability are discussed. The first, typological and e...
