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page 1 of 144 pages | next »Historical Aspects of Xeroderma pigmentosum and Nucleotide Excision Repair
James Cleaver
The discovery that xeroderma pigmentosum was a sun‑sensitive hereditary human disease that was deficient in DNA repair was made when research into the fundamental mechanisms of nucleotide excision repair was in its infancy. The linkage between DNA damage, DNA repair and human cancer stimulated...
XPA Gene, its Product and Biological Roles
Ulrike Camenisch and Hanspeter Nägeli
The 31 kDa XPA protein is part of the core incision complex of the mammalian nucleotide excision repair (NER) system and interacts with DNA as well as with many other NER subunits. In the absence of XPA, no incision complex can form and no excision of damaged DNA damage occurs. A comparative analysi...
Xeroderma Pigmentosum and Skin Cancer
Leela Daya-Grosjean
The hypersensitivity of DNA repair deficient xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) patients to solar irradiation results in the development of high levels of squamous and basal cell carcinomas as well as malignant melanomas in early childhood. Indeed, XP presents a unique model for analysing the effects of unr...
Clinical Features of Xeroderma Pigmentosum
Ulrich R. Hengge and Steffen Emmert
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) was first described in 1874 by Hebra and Kaposi. Albert Neisser was the first to report neurological abnormalities associated with XP in 1883. XP is an autosomal recessive disease with defective nucleotide excision repair (NER). It is characterized by easily recognizable c...
Introduction to Ion Channels
Chiara Di Resta and Andrea Becchetti
Ion channels are integral membrane proteins that contain pathways through which ions can flow. By shifting between closed and open conformational states (‘gating’ process), they control passive ion flow through the plasma membrane. Channels can be gated by membrane potential, or specific ligands, or...
Hox Genes and the Body Plans of Chelicerates and Pycnogonids
Wim G.M. Damen
Hox genes are found in all metazoan phyla and are involved in specifying identity along the anterior‑posterior body axis. In arthropods, ten different classes of Hox genes can be distinguished, which are expressed in a typical staggered array along the anterior‑posterior axis of the embr...
The Primitive Earth
James F. Kasting
Understanding how life may have originated necessarily involves understanding the environment of the early Earth. This statement is true even if life originated somewhere else and was transported to Earth—an idea referred to as “panspermia”. Even in this, to some extreme, version of life’s origin, ...
Metabolic Management
Sufan Chien
The removal of an organ, which is subjected to an unnatural environment necessitates special management strategies that differ from in vivo management. The normal human body and the bodies of other mammalian animals involve complex neurologic and hormonal regulatory systems. Adequate substrates and ...
Molecular Pathways and Mechanisms Regulating the Recombination of Immunoglobulin Genes During B-Lymphocyte Development
Kristen Johnson, Karen L. Reddy and Harinder Singh
The hallmark of B‑cell development is the ordered recombination of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes. Recently, considerable progress has been achieved in assembling gene regulatory networks comprised of signaling components and transcription factors that regulate B‑cell development. In this cha...
Polyomavirus Allograft Nephropathy: Clinico‑Pathological Correlations
Volker Nickeleit and Harsharan K. Singh
Polyomavirus nephropathy (PVN) is primarily caused by a productive intra‑renal BK virus infection. It is often an iatrogenic complication due to long term over immunosuppression and frequently leads to chronic kidney dysfunction and failure. Post renal transplantation, PVN has emerged as a maj...
Pancreas and Islet Allograft Failure
Patrick G. Dean, Yogish Kudva and Mark D. Stegall
The treatment of diabetes mellitus is aimed at improving glycemic control. Establishing relatively tight control using exogenous insulin has been shown to reduce the ophthal‑mologic, neurologic and renal complications of diabetes mellitus. However, achieving a glycosylated hemoglobin (Hgb A1C)...
Cytomegalovirus and Allograft Failure after Solid Organ Transplantation
Hugo Bonatti, Walter C. Hellinger and Raymund R. Razonable
Allograft rejection and infections are the two major complications of solid organ transplantation. These clinical entities are intimately interrelated, with one predisposing to the other, in a bidirectional relationship. Allograft rejection and its treatment predisposes to various infections, most c...
Polyomavirus Type BK‑Associated Nephropathy and Renal Allograft Graft Loss: Natural History, Patho‑Physiology, Diagnosis and Management
Nasimul Ahsan
In recent years, polyomavirus type BK‑associated nephropathy (PVAN) has emerged as an important cause of renal allograft dysfunction and graft loss. It is estimated to affect up to 10% of renal transplant recipients, with allograft failure rate as high as 80%. After primary infection in immuno...
Renal Allograft Survival: Epidemiologic Considerations
Titte R. Srinivas and Herwig-Ulf Meier-Kriesche
Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with end‑stage renal disease. From initial pioneering experiences 50 years ago, kidney transplantation has become a clinical reality with over a 100,000 patients living with a functioning kidney transplant at the end of 2004 in the...
Islet of Langerhans: Cellular Structure and Physiology
Amanda Jabin Gustafsson and Md. Shahidul Islam
Islets of Langerhans, named after their discoverer Paul Langerhans, constitute a unique endocrine organ of critical importance in the metabolism of nutrients and energy homeostasis. Individual islets consist of three major types of electrically excitable cells, namely b‑cells that secrete insu...
Late Allograft Failure: Liver
Jeffrey S. Crippin
Dysfunction and subsequent loss of a liver allograft can have dire consequences for the recipient. Acute and chronic rejection, an ongoing risk for the lifetime of the allograft in the vast majority of liver transplant recipients, is a minor problem, except when levels of immunosuppression fall. The...
Predictive Parameters of Graft Failure
Paola Romagnani
The incidence of end stage renal disease (ESRD) is increasing at a faster rate than the availability of kidney donors, but unfortunately the improvement in short‑term graft survival rates has not been followed by substantial amelioration in long‑term outcome. Almost half of cadaveric all...
Pathology of Kidney Allograft Dysfunction
Bela Ivanyi
The pathologic features, clinical correlations and differential diagnoses of the major causes of kidney allograft dysfunction are reviewed. Rejection is an inflammatory process of the recipient during which donor cells bearing alloantigens are destroyed; the rejection process is classified tradition...
Liver Allograft Failure Due to Recurrent Disease: Pathology
Urmila Khettry and Atoussa Goldar-Najafi
Liver transplantation (LT) is an acceptable mode of therapy for end‑stage liver diseases of varying etiology. With the exception of certain disorders of genetic and toxic etiology, most other diseases can recur in the liver allograft. The recurrent diseases can share clinicopathological featur...
Chronic Allograft Dysfunction—Liver
Susan Lerner, Pauline Chen and Paul Martin
In the United States, more than six thousand patients undergo liver transplantation (LT) annually with generally excellent outcomes reflected in patient survival of 88% at one year and 80% at three years and graft survival of 83% and 74%. Advances in immunosuppression have made acute cellular reject...
Graft Loss due to Vascular Complications
Barbara Stange, Matthias Glanemann and Natascha C. Nüssler
Vascular complications occur in about 10% of patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. Depending on the involved vessels and the time point after liver transplantation, the clinical course of these patients may vary considerably, ranging from complete absence of symptoms to acute or chro...
Pharmacotherapeutic Options in Solid Organ Transplantation
Jennifer Trofe, Anikphe Imoagene-Oyedeji and Roy D. Bloom
Over the past decade, advances in immunosuppressive therapies have resulted in lower rates of acute rejection and consequently, significant improvements in patient and graft survival after solid organ transplantation. Increasingly successful outcomes have focused attention on the complications of lo...
Pathological Aspects of Pancreas Allograft Failure
Cinthia B. Drachenberg and John C. Papadimitriou
Pancreas allograft failure results from a variety of causes, highly dependent on the time posttransplantation. In the early posttransplantation period pancreas allograft failure is usually related to “technical failures”, including thrombosis, infection, pancreatitis, anastomotic leak and bleeding. ...
Metabolic Indicators of Islet Graft Dysfunction
Raquel N. Faradji, Kathy Monroy, Misha Denham, Camillo Ricordi and Rodolfo Alejandro
Assessing b‑cell mass and function is of great importance in the islet transplant setting but it has been challenging. Although achieving insulin independence has been one of the most important end points of islet transplantation (IT), it is critical that it is associated with good glycemic co...
The Graft: Emerging Viruses in Transplantation
Deepali Kumar and Atul Humar
Emerging infections have become increasingly recognized as causes of morbidity, mortality, graft dysfunction, graft failure and donor‑transmitted infections. Specifically, a number of emerging viral pathogens have had significant adverse effects in transplant patients. These viruses may occur ...
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